ACS Surgery: Principles Practice 6 ed./ АКХ: Хирургия Теория и практика
Премьера: 2007
Автор: Wiley W. Souba
Издание: B.C. Decker
ISBN: 1550093991
Информация: CHM
Quality: eBook (изначально компьютерное)
Количество страниц: 1952
Сюжет: Хорошая современная книга по хирургии. хорошие цветные рисунки и фото.
Единственный минус - диагностические схемы нечитаемы.
Язык - англ.
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis/Рак. Диагностика, терапия и прогноз 5 томов
Премьера: 2008-2009
Автор: Hayat
Издание: Springer
Информация: PDF
Quality: eBook (изначально компьютерное)
Язык: английский
Количество страниц: около 2600
Сюжет: Новейший многотомник по онкологии. Еще издается (парочку томов обещают к концу года). На данный момент есть 5 томов:
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis v1Breast Carcinoma .pdf
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis v2General Methods and Overviews, Lung Carcinoma and Prostate Carcinoma.pdf
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis v3 Gastrointestinal Cancer.pdf
Methods Of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy And Prognosis V4 ColorectalCancer 1stEdition.pdf
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis V5-Liver Cancer_1402098030.pdf
Volume 1
1. Breast Cancer: An Introduction
2. Breast Cancer: Computer-Aided Detection
3. Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Breast: Clinicopathologic Features
4. Breast Cancer: Detection by In-Vivo Imaging of Angiogenesis
5. Breast and Prostate Biopsies: Use of Optimized High-Throughput
MicroRNA Expression for Diagnosis (Methodology)
6. Familial Breast Cancer: Detection of Prevalent High-Risk
Epithelial Lesions
7. Differentiation Between Benign and Malignant Papillary
Lesions of Breast: Excisional Biopsy or Stereotactic
Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy (Methodology)
8. Multicentric Breast Cancer: Sentinel Node Biopsy
as a Diagnostic Tool
9. Breast Cancer Recurrence: Role of Serum Tumor
Markers CEA and CA 15-3
10. Breast Cancer Patients Before, During or After Treatment:
Circulating Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood Detected
by Multigene Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase
Chain Reaction
11. Breast Cancer Patients: Diagnostic Epigenetic
Markers in Blood
xix
xx Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4
12. Breast Cancer Patients: Detection of Circulating Cancer
Cell-Related mRNA Markers with Membrane Array Method
13. Prediction of Metastasis and Recurrence of Breast Carcinoma:
Detection of Survivin-Expressing Circulating Cancer Cells
14. Node-Negative Breast Cancer: Predictive and Prognostic
Value of Peripheral Blood Cytokeratin-19 mRNA-Positive Cells
15. Breast and Colon Carcinomas: Detection with Plasma
CRIPTO-1
16. Breast Cancer Risk in Women with Abnormal Cytology
in Nipple Aspirate Fluid
17. Tissue Microarrays: Construction and Utilization
for Biomarker Studies
18. Systematic Validation of Breast Cancer Biomarkers
Using Tissue Microarrays: From Construction
to Image Analysis
19. Phyllodes Tumors of the Breast: The Role
of Immunohistochemistry in Diagnosis
20. Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast: Prognostic Assessment
Using Immunohistochemistry
21. Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma: Detection Using
Histology and Immunohistochemistry
22. Invasive Breast Cancer: Overexpression of HER-2 Determined
by Immunohistochemistry and Multiplex Ligation-Dependent
Probe Amplifi cation
23. Operable Breast Cancer: Neoadjuvant Treatment
(Methodology)
24. Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
25. Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Role of Chemotherapy
in Improving Prognosis
26. Relevance of Dose-Intensity for Adjuvant Treatment
of Breast Cancer
27. Advanced Breast Cancer: Treatment with Docetaxel/Epirubicin
28. Systemic Therapy for Breast Cancer: Using Toxicity
Data to Inform Decisions
29. Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients
Who Received Adjuvant Anthracyclines (An Overview)
30. Estrogen Receptor-Negative and HER-2/neu-Positive
Locally Advanced Breast Carcinoma: Therapy with
Paclitaxel and Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor
31. Breast Cancer: Side Effects of Tamoxifen and Anastrozole
32. Breast Cancer: Expression of HER-2 and Epidermal
Growth Factor Receptor as Clinical Markers for Response
to Targeted Therapy
33. Young Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing
Breast-Conserving Therapy: Role of BRCA1 and BRCA2
34. Radiation Therapy for Older Women with Early Breast Cancer
35. Acute Side Effects of Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer
Patients: Role of DNA-Repair and Cell Cycle Control Genes
36. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose/Positron Emission Tomography
in Primary Breast Cancer: Factors Responsible for
False-Negative Results
37. Sentinel Lymph Node Surgery During Prophylactic
Mastectomy (Methodology)
38. Breast Conservation Surgery: Methods
39. Lymph Node-Negative Breast Carcinoma:
Assessment of HER-2/neu Gene Status as Prognostic Value
40. Multifocal or Multicentric Breast Cancer:
Understanding Its Impact on Management
and Treatment Outcomes
41. Are Breast Cancer Survivors at Risk for Developing
Other Cancers?
Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4 xxi
xxii Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4
42. Distant Metastasis in Elderly Patients with
Breast Cancer: Prognosis with Nodal Status
43. Concomitant Use of Tamoxifen with Radiotherapy
Enhances Subcutaneous Breast Fibrosis in
Hypersensitive Patients
44. Malignant Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast:
Is Adjuvant Radiotherapy Necessary?
45. Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Multidrug Resistance
46. Breast Cancer: Diagnosis of Recurrence
Using 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission
Tomography/Computed Tomography
47. Role of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Ductal
Carcinoma In Situ: Diagnosis and Methodology
48. Breast Conservation Treatment of Early Stage Breast
Carcinoma: Risk of Cardiac Mortality
Volume 2
Part I General Methods and Overviews
1. Metabolic Transformations of Malignant Cells: An Overview
2. Detection of Recurrent Cancer by Radiological Imaging
3. Tumor Gene Therapy: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
4. Assessment of Gene Transfer: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
and Nuclear Medicine Techniques
5. Role of Mutations in TP53 in Cancer (An Overview)
6. Personalized Medicine for Cancer
7. Radiation Doses to Patients Using Computed Radiography,
Direct Digital Radiography and Screen-Film Radiography
Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4 xxiii
8. Cancer Vaccines and Immune Monitoring (An Overview)
9. New Insights into the Role of Infection, Immunity, and Apoptosis
in the Genesis of the Cancer Stem Cell
10. Successful Cancer Treatment: Eradication of Cancer
Stem Cells
11. Overexposure of Patients to Ionizing Radiation: An Overview
Part II Lung Cancer
12. Lung Carcinoma
13. Extra-Pulmonary Small Cell Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment,
and Prognosis
14. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lung: Automated
Segmentation Methods
15. Peripheral Lung Lesions: Diagnosis Using Transcutaneous
Contrast-Enhanced Sonography
16. Small Pulmonary Nodules: Detection Using Multidetector-Row
Computed Tomography
17. Secondary Primary Cancer Following Chemoradiation
for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
18. Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Second-Line
Treatment with Docetaxel
19. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Brain Metastases:
Platinum-Based Chemotherapy
20. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: EGFR Gene Mutations
and Response to Gefi tinib
21. Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Acquired
Resistance to Gefi tinib
22. Prognostic Signifi cance of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake
on Positron Emission Tomography in Patients with Pathological
Stage I Lung Adenocarcinoma
23. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Prognosis Using
the TNM Staging System
24. Differentiation Between Malignant and Benign Pleural Effusions:
Methylation Specifi c Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis
25. Pathological Distinction of Pulmonary Large Cell Neuroendocrine
Carcinoma from Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Using
Immunohistochemistry
26. Differentiating Between Pleuropulmonary Desmoid Tumors
and Solitary Fibrous Tumors: Role of Histology and
Immunohistochemistry
27. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Brain Metastasis:
Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Mutation
Part III Prostate Cancer
28. Prostate Carcinoma
29. The Role of Intermediary Metabolism and Molecular Genetics
in Prostate Cancer
30. Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization in
Prostate Cancer: Research and Clinical Applications
31. Prostate Cancer: Role of Vav3 Overexpression in
Development and Progression
32. Prostate Cancer: Detection and Monitoring Using Mitochondrial
Mutations as a Biomarker
33. Prognostic Markers in Prostate Carcinoma
34. Prostate Cancer: Detection of Free Tumor-Specifi c DNA
in Blood and Bone Marrow
35. Prostate Carcinoma: Evaluation Using Transrectal Sonography
36. Prostate Cancer: 16-18FFluoro-5-Dihydrotesterone(FDHT)
Whole-Body Positron Emission Tomography
37. Effects of Standard Treatments on the Immune
Response to Prostate Cancer
xxiv Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4
38. Vinorelbine, Doxorubicin, and Prednisone
in Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer
39. Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer Biochemical Recurrence
After Radiotherapy: Use of Cyclic Androgen Withdrawal
Therapy
Volume 3
Part I Gastrointestinal Cancers
1. Introduction: Gastrointestinal Cancer
2. Metastatic Gastrointestinal Cancer: Safety of Cisplatin
Combined with Continuous 5-FU Versus Bolus 5-FU
and Leucovorin (Methodology)
3. Gastrointestinal Cancer: Endoscopic Submucosal
Dissection (Methodology)
4. Gastrointestinal Epithelial Neoplasms: Endoscopic
Submucosal Dissection (Methodology)
5. Inoperable Abdomino-Pelvic Tumors: Treatment
with Radio-Frequency Ablation and Surgical Debulking
6. Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors:
Diagnosis Using Gastrin Receptor Scintigraphy
Part II Esophageal Cancer
7. Distal Esophagus: Evaluation with 18F-FDG PET/CT
Fusion Imaging
8. Endoscopic Ultrasound and Staging of Esophageal Cancer
9. Esophageal Cancer: Role of RNASEN Protein
and microRNA in Prognosis
10. Esophageal Cancer: Initial Staging
Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4 xxv
xxvi Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4
Part III Gastric Cancer
11. Automated Disease Classifi cation of Colon and Gastric
Histological Samples Based on Digital Microscopy
and Advanced Image Analysis
12. Early Gastric Cancer: Prediction of Metachronous
Recurrence Using Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
(Methodology)
13. Helicobacter pylori-Infected Neoplastic Gastric Epithelium:
Expression of MUC2 as a Biomarker
14. Gastric Cancer: Role of Intestinal Metaplasia
by Histochemical Detection Using Biopsy Specimens
15. Gastric Cancer: Antitumor Activity of RUNX3
16. Early Gastric Cancer: Laparoscopic Gastrectomy (Methodology)
17. Gastric Cancer: Overexpression of Hypoxia-Inducible
Factor 1 as a Prognostic Factor
Part IV Pancreatic Cancer
18. Pancreatic Cancer: Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor
as a Prognostic Factor
19. Pancreatic Cancer: 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron
Emission Tomography as a Prognostic Parameter
20. Imaging and Pathologic Findings of Peculiar Histologic
Variants of Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
21. Periampullary Adenocarcinoma: Diagnosis and Survival
After Pancreaticoduodenectomy
22. Unresectable Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer:
Concurrent Chemotherapy
Index
Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4 xxvii
Volume 4
Part I Colorectal Cancer
1. Introduction: Colorectal Cancer
2. Poorly Differentiated Colorectal Adenocarcinoma: (Methodology)
3. Colorectal Cancer: Immunohistochemical Diagnosis with Heterogenous
Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K
4. Metastases and Recurrence of Colorectal Cancer: Diagnostic Role
of Immunoscintigraphy
5. Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis Using DNA Levels in Blood and Stool
6. Colorectal Carcinoma: Identifi cation of MicroRNAs Using Real-Time
Polymerase Chain Reaction
7. Colorectal Cancer: Optimization of the Combination of 5-Flouroracil
and Irinotecan
8. Detection of Abdominal Abscesses After Colorectal Surgery:
Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Gallium Scan
9. Antimetastatic Therapy in Colorectal Cancer: Role of Tumor Cell
Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (Methodology)
10. Endoscopic Resection of Early Colorectal Tumours: Novel Diagnostic
and Therapeutic Techniques
11. Role of Stromal Variables in Development and Progression of Colorectal
Cancer
12. Quantitative Assessment of Colorectal Cancer Perfusion: Perfusion
Computed Tomography and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
13. Colorectal Cancer: Positron Emission Tomography
14. Prognostic Signifi cance of Protein Markers in Colorectal Cancer
Stratifi ed by Mismatch Repair Status
15. Colorectal Cancer: Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity
as a Prognostic Marker
xxviii Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4
Part II Colon Cancer
16. Detection of Tumor Cells in Lymph Nodes of Colon Cancer Patients Using
Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction
17. Colon Cancer: Laparoscopic Surgery
18. Sentinal Node-Based Immunotherapy of Colon Cancer
Part III Rectal Cancer
19. Rectal Cancer: Preoperative Staging Using Endorectal Ultrasonography
(Methodology)
20. Rectal Cancer: Spectral Imaging and Immunohistochemistry
of Thymidylate Synthase
21. Cancer of the Rectum: Abdominoperineal and Sphincter-Saving Resections
22. Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer
23. Resectable Rectal Cancer: Preoperative Short-Course Radiation
24. Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy Allows for Local Control in
Rectal Cancer, but Distant Metastases Remain an Unsolved Problem
25. Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Combined Chemotherapy During
Preoperative Radiation Therapy
Part IV Colorectal Liver Metastases
26. Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Neoadjuvant Therapy
with Bevacizumab
27. Colorectal Liver Metastases: Radiofrequency Ablation
Part V Anal Cancer
28. Anal Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Diagnosis Using p63
Immunohistochemistry
29. Anorectal Melanoma: Prediction of Outcome Based
on Molecular and Clinicopathologic Features
Contents
Authors and Co-Authors of Volume 5 .................................................................. vii
Preface ..................................................................................................................... xv
Introduction ............................................................................................................ xvii
Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4 ........................................................................ xix
Part I Liver Cancer
A. Diagnosis
1. Applications of Positron Emission Tomography
in Liver Imaging: An Overview ..................................................................... 5
Amir H. Khandani
Introduction ................................................................................................... 5
Metastatic Liver Disease ............................................................................... 7
Cholangiocarcinoma ..................................................................................... 10
Gall Bladder Carcinoma ............................................................................... 11
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ............................................................................ 12
Therapy Monitoring ...................................................................................... 14
References ..................................................................................................... 15
2. Localized Fibrous Tumor of the Liver: Imaging Features .......................... 17
Thomas Moser and Tereza S. Nogueira
References ..................................................................................................... 19
xxix
3. A Radial Magnetic Resonance Imaging Method
for Imaging Abdominal Neoplasms ............................................................... 21
Maria I. Altbach
Introduction ................................................................................................... 21
Techniques for T2-Weighted Imaging .......................................................... 22
Lesion Characterization with T2-Weighted Imaging .................................... 22
Radial Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods:
An Alternative for Reducing Motion Artifacts
and Improving Image Quality ................................................................... 24
Radial Fast Spin-Echo, A New Alternative for T2
Mapping of the Liver ................................................................................ 27
Conclusions ................................................................................................... 30
References ..................................................................................................... 30
4. Liver: Helical Computed Tomography
and Magnetic Resonance Imaging ................................................................. 33
Yuji Baba, Yasuyuki Yamashita, Kazuo Awai,
and Koichi Kawanaka
Introduction ................................................................................................... 33
Dynamic Computed Tomography Using Multi-Detector
Computed Tomography ............................................................................. 33
Tumors Arising in Liver Cirrhosis ................................................................ 35
Tumor Arising in Noncirrhotic Liver or in Oncologic Patients .................... 36
Computed Tomography Angiography .......................................................... 36
Angiography-Assisted Computed Tomography ........................................ 36
Computed Tomography During Arterial Portography .................................. 37
Computed Tomography During Hepatic Angiography ................................. 39
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ....................................................................... 39
Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging ....................................................... 39
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ..................................................................... 40
References ..................................................................................................... 42
Part II Resectable Liver Cancer
A. Diagnosis
5. Selection of Patients for Resection of Hepatic Colorectal Metastases:
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose/Positron Emission Tomography .......................... 49
Rebecca Auer and Yuman Fong
Introduction ................................................................................................... 49
Positron Emission Tomography Scanning as a Staging
Modality to Complement Conventional Imaging ..................................... 50
Positron Emission Tomography Scan for the Detection
of Extrahepatic Disease ............................................................................. 50
xxx Contents
Contents xxxi
Positron Emission Tomography Scan
for the Detection of Intrahepatic Disease .................................................. 51
Value of Positron Emission Tomography Correlated
to Prognostic Clinical Risk Score (CRS) .................................................. 52
Positive Impact of Positron Emission Tomography
on the Management of Patients with Liver Metastases ............................. 53
Negative Impact of Positron Emission Tomography
on the Management of Patients with Liver Metastases ............................. 54
Outcome of Patients Selected for Hepatic Resection Following
18FFluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography
(FDG-PET) ............................................................................................... 54
Standard Uptake Value and Predicting Prognosis
or Response to Therapy ............................................................................ 55
Positron Emission Tomography Scanning
for Surveillance and Follow-Up ................................................................ 57
The Role of Positron Emission Tomography
in Evaluating an Elevated Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) ................. 57
The Role of Positron Emission Tomography
in Follow-Up Post Hepatic Resection ....................................................... 58
Algorithm to Include Positron Emission Tomography
Scanning in Work-Up of Hepatic Colorectal Metastases .......................... 58
Conclusion .................................................................................................... 59
References ..................................................................................................... 59
B. Treatment
6. Ultrasonography During Liver Surgery ....................................................... 63
Guido Torzilli
Introduction ................................................................................................... 63
Technical Aspects ..................................................................................... 63
Liver Exploration ...................................................................................... 64
Resection Guidance ...................................................................................... 69
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ........................................................................ 69
Liver Metastases ....................................................................................... 73
References ..................................................................................................... 74
Part III Unresectable Liver Cancer
A. Treatment
7. Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
for Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatic Tumors......................................... 81
Oliver F. Bathe and Houman Mahallati
Introduction ................................................................................................... 81
Radiofrequency Ablation as a Treatment for Liver Tumors ......................... 81
xxxii Contents
Principles of Radiofrequency Ablation ..................................................... 81
Indications ................................................................................................. 83
Outcomes Associated with Radiofrequency Ablation .............................. 84
Alternative Ablative Techniques ............................................................... 85
Problems Associated with Monitoring the Ablative Endpoint ..................... 86
Impedence and Temperature ..................................................................... 86
Ultrasound ................................................................................................. 86
Defi ning the Extent of Thermal Injury by Magnetic
Resonance Imaging ................................................................................... 86
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Thermal Injury ............ 86
Enhancing the Defi nition of Extent of Thermal Injury ............................. 88
Potential Utility of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging .................. 89
Intraopertive Magnetic Resonance Imaging as an Adjunct
to Radiofrequency Ablation ...................................................................... 90
Rationale ................................................................................................... 90
Technical Developments ........................................................................... 90
Potential Indications .................................................................................. 92
Conduct of Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
for Radiofrequency Ablation ................................................................ 92
Future Developments ................................................................................ 96
References ..................................................................................................... 98
8. Surgically Unresectable and Chemotherapy-Refractory
Metastatic Liver Carcinoma: Treatment with Yttrium-90
Microsphere Followed by Assessment with Positron
Emission Tomography .................................................................................... 103
Ching-Yee Oliver Wong
Introduction ................................................................................................... 103
Assessment Using Positron Emission Tomography ...................................... 104
Y-90 Microsphere Radioembolization .......................................................... 105
Clinical Results ............................................................................................. 109
Illustrations ................................................................................................... 111
References ..................................................................................................... 112
B. Prognosis
9. Unresectable Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer:
Methodology and Prognosis with Radiofrequency Ablation ...................... 117
Junji Machi
Introduction ................................................................................................... 117
Methodology of Radiofrequency Ablation ................................................... 118
Prognosis Using Radiofrequency Ablation: Our Study ................................ 120
Patients and Methods ................................................................................ 120
Contents xxxiii
Unresectability of Tumors ........................................................................ 120
Preoperative and Intraoperative Evaluation .............................................. 121
Radiofrequency Ablation Methods ........................................................... 121
Postoperative Follow-Up........................................................................... 122
Statistical Analyses ................................................................................... 122
Short-Term Results ................................................................................... 123
Long-Term Results .................................................................................... 123
Current Role of Radiofrequency Ablation .................................................... 124
Future Perspective ......................................................................................... 128
References ..................................................................................................... 129
Part IV Hepatocellular Carcinoma
A. Diagnosis
10. Screening with Ultrasonography of Patients
at High-Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma:
Thrombocytopenia as a Valid Surrogate of Cirrhosis ............................... 137
Sheng-Nan Lu, Jing-Houng Wang, Kwong-Ming Kee,
and Po-Lin Tseng
Introduction ................................................................................................. 137
Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Cirrhosis .......... 137
Benefi t of HCC Screening ...................................................................... 138
Surrogate Tests for Liver Cirrhosis and Fibrosis .................................... 139
Ultrasonographic HCC Screening on the Thrombocytopenic Adult ...... 141
References ................................................................................................... 142
11. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Contrast-Enhanced Sonography .................. 145
Byung Ihn Choi and Se Hyung Kim
Introduction ................................................................................................. 145
Physics of Microbubbles ............................................................................. 146
Contrast-Enhanced Color Doppler Sonography ......................................... 146
Contrast-Enhanced Power Doppler Sonography ........................................ 147
Contrast-Enhanced Harmonic Power Doppler Sonography ....................... 147
Contrast-Enhanced Pulse-Inversion Harmonic Sonography ....................... 148
Contrast-Enhanced Coded Harmonic Sonography ..................................... 150
Contrast-Enhanced Agent Detection Imaging ............................................ 151
Low Mechanical Index Imaging ................................................................. 153
Contrast-Enhanced Sonography in Assessing
the Therapeutic Response of Hepatocellular Carcinomas ...................... 153
References ................................................................................................... 156
xxxiv Contents
12. Focal Liver Lesion: Nonlinear Contrast-Enhanced
Ultrasound Imaging ...................................................................................... 159
Vincenzo Migaleddu and Giuseppe Virgilio
Introduction ................................................................................................. 159
Harmonic Imaging: Basic Principles .......................................................... 160
Physical and Technological Background .................................................... 162
Nonlinear Contrast Enhancement of Focal Liver Lesions .......................... 163
(A) Characterization of Focal Liver Lesions .......................................... 163
(B) Detection of Focal Liver Lesions ...................................................... 171
(C) Monitoring of Percutaneous Ablative Treatment ............................. 174
Conclusion .................................................................................................. 176
References ................................................................................................... 177
13. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Magnetic Resonance Imaging ...................... 183
Bachir Taouli
Introduction ................................................................................................. 183
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique ................................................... 183
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Appearance
of Hepatocellular Carcinoma .................................................................. 184
Gadolinium Enhancement of Hepatocellular Carcinoma ........................... 186
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tissue-Specifi c Contrast Agents ................ 187
Combined Use of Superparamagnetic
Iron Oxide and Gadolinium .................................................................... 187
Atypical Appearances of Hepatocellular Carcinoma .................................. 188
New Perspectives ........................................................................................ 189
References ................................................................................................... 190
14. Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Correlation
with Radiologic Findings .............................................................................. 193
Masayuki Kanematsu, Richard C. Semelka, and Shinji Osada
Introduction ................................................................................................... 193
History of Radiologic Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma ................... 194
Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Its Vasculature,
and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression ............................... 196
Correlation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression
and Radiologic Findings in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
in Prior Reports ......................................................................................... 199
Our Previous Research with Immunohistochemistry.................................... 200
Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomographic
Data Correlated to Vascular Endothelial Growth
Factor Measured Using Western Blotting ................................................. 202
Summary ....................................................................................................... 209
References ..................................................................................................... 210
15. Detection of Small Hepatic Lesions:
Superparamagnetic Oxide-Enhanced
Diffusion-Weighted T2 FSE Imaging .......................................................... 213
Shigeru Kiryu and Kuni Ohtomo
Introduction ................................................................................................. 213
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide-Enhanced
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ................................................................. 213
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging for Suppression
of Signals from Hepatic Vessels ............................................................. 214
Periodically Rotated Overlapping Parallel Lines
with Enhanced Reconstruction Technique .............................................. 215
SPIO-Enhanced DWI T2 FSE Imaging Using Propeller ............................ 216
References ................................................................................................... 218
16. Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma:
Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography
and Magnetic Resonance Imaging ............................................................... 221
Hiromitsu Onishi, Takamichi Murakami, and Hironobu Nakamura
Introduction ................................................................................................. 221
Multidetector-Row Helical Computed Tomography................................... 221
Multidetector-Row Helical Computed Tomography
Scanning Technique ................................................................................ 222
Contrast Administration for the Dynamic
Multidetector-Row Helical Computed Tomography Study .................... 222
Administration Dose of Contrast Material .............................................. 222
Iodine Concentration of Contrast Material ............................................. 223
Injection Flow Rate and Duration of Contrast Material ......................... 223
Optimal Scanning Delay ............................................................................. 223
Scanning Timing ......................................................................................... 224
Image Processing ........................................................................................ 224
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ..................................................................... 225
Magnetic Resonance Scanning Technique .................................................. 225
Contrast-Enhanced Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging ..................... 226
Tissue-Specifi c Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging ............ 226
Computed Tomography Imaging Features
of Hepatocellular Carcinoma .................................................................. 227
Computed Tomographic Angiography ........................................................ 228
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features
of Hepatocellular Carcinoma .................................................................. 229
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide-Enhanced Magnetic
Resonance Imaging Feature of Hepatocellular Carcinoma .................... 230
Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma ......................................................... 231
Accuracy for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma ........................ 232
Contents xxxv
xxxvi Contents
Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Transcatherter
Arterial Chemoembolization ................................................................... 232
Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Percutaneous
Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy .......................................................... 232
Limitations and Prospects ........................................................................... 233
Summary ..................................................................................................... 233
References ................................................................................................... 233
17. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Effect of Injection
Rate/Injection Duration of Contrast Material
on Computed Tomography........................................................................... 237
Tomoaki Ichikawa and Tsutomu Araki
Introduction ................................................................................................. 237
Fixed Injection Rate and Injection Duration of Contrast Material ............. 237
Fixed Injection Rate of Contrast Material .............................................. 238
Fixed Injection Duration of Contrast Material ........................................ 239
References ................................................................................................... 239
18. Detection of Combined Hepatocellular
and Cholangiocarcinomas: Enhanced Computed Tomography ............... 241
Akihiro Nishie and Kengo Yoshimitsu
Introduction ................................................................................................. 241
Pathogenesis ................................................................................................ 242
Enhanced Computed Tomographic Findings .............................................. 243
References ................................................................................................... 247
19. Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Adenomatous
Hyperplasia (Dysplastic Nodules): Dynamic Computed
Tomography and a Combination of Computed Tomography
and Angiography ........................................................................................... 249
Kenichi Takayasu
Introduction ................................................................................................. 249
Classifi cation of Nodular Hepatocellular Lesions ...................................... 249
Multistep Progression of Hepatocarcinogenesis ......................................... 250
Needle Biopsy ............................................................................................. 252
Methods of Multidetector Computed Tomography .................................... 253
Methods of a Combination of Computed
Tomography and Angiography ............................................................... 253
CT Images of Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma .................................. 253
CT Images of Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma .......................................... 254
Computed Tomography Images of Adenomatous
Hyperplasia and Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia ............................ 255
Computed Tomography Images of Nodule-in-Nodule
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ...................................................................... 255
Contents xxxvii
Natural Outcome of Hypo-Attenuating Nodular Lesions ........................... 256
Critical Consideration to Treat Hypoattenuating Lesions ........................... 257
References ................................................................................................... 257
20. Hepatocellular Cancer in Cirrhotic Patients:
Radiological Imaging .................................................................................... 261
Francesca Lodato, N. Davies, D. Yu, and Andrew K. Burroughs
Introduction ................................................................................................. 261
The EASL Consensus Statements and AASLD Guidelines ....................... 262
Surveillance for HCC: Radiological Techniques ........................................ 263
Ultrasonography (US), Doppler-Ultrasonography,
Power Doppler-Ultrasonography and
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonogrpahy ...................................................... 264
Spiral Computed Tomography .................................................................... 265
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ..................................................................... 267
The Problem of Small Nodules ................................................................... 268
Conclusions ................................................................................................. 270
References ................................................................................................... 271
B. Treatment
21. Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
with Thalidomide: Assessment with Power Doppler Ultrasound ............. 277
Chiun Hsu, Chiung-Nien Chen, and Ann-Lii Cheng
Summary ..................................................................................................... 277
Introduction ................................................................................................. 277
Evaluation of Tumor Vascularity Using Power
Doppler Sonography ............................................................................... 279
Evaluation of Vascular Response of HCC to Thalidomide
by Power Doppler Ultrasound: A Prospective Study .............................. 279
Future Perspectives of Imaging Studies for Evaluation
of Anti-angiogenesis Therapy ................................................................. 282
References ................................................................................................... 284
22. Perfusion Scintigraphy with Integrated Single
Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed
Tomography in the Management of Transarterial
Treatment of Hepatic Malignancies ............................................................ 287
Timm Denecke, Bert Hildebrandt, and Enrique Lopez-Hnninen
Introduction ................................................................................................. 287
Current Status of Hepatic Arterial Chemotherapy
and Radioembolization ........................................................................... 287
Intraarterial Chemotherapy ..................................................................... 287
Transarterial Radioembolization ............................................................. 289
Technique of Transarterial Treatment ......................................................... 289
Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy ................................................ 289
Radioembolization .................................................................................. 290
Visualization of Perfusion Territories of Hepatic
Intraarterial Catheters in Planning and Control
of Transarterial Treatment ................................................................... 291
Imaging Techniques ................................................................................ 291
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
with Integrated Computed Tomography for Port
Perfusion Scintigraphy ........................................................................ 291
Image Analysis ........................................................................................ 293
Therapeutic Consequences ...................................................................... 297
Discussion ................................................................................................... 298
References ................................................................................................... 300
23. Postoperative Interferon Alpha Treatment of Patients
with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Expression of p48
Using Tissue Microarray .............................................................................. 303
Hui-Chuan Sun
Introduction ................................................................................................. 303
Materials and Methods ............................................................................ 304
Tissue Microarray and Immunohistochemistry ...................................... 304
Scoring of P48 Immunohistochemistry .................................................. 304
Statistical Analysis .................................................................................. 305
Results ......................................................................................................... 305
Clinicopathological Data ........................................................................ 305
Survival ................................................................................................... 306
Prognostic Factors for Disease-Free Survival
and Overall Survival in Group 1 ......................................................... 306
Discussion ................................................................................................... 307
References ................................................................................................... 309
C. Prognosis
24. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Overexpression
of Homeoprotein Six 1 as a Marker for Predicting Survival ..................... 313
Kevin Tak-Pan Ng and Kwan Man
Introduction ................................................................................................. 313
Materials and Methods ................................................................................ 314
Cell Lines ................................................................................................ 314
Clinical Samples ..................................................................................... 314
xxxviii Contents
Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction ................................ 314
Western Blot ............................................................................................ 315
Statistical Analysis .................................................................................. 315
Results ......................................................................................................... 315
Six1 Expression in HCC Cell Lines........................................................ 315
Six1 Expression in HCC Patients and Normal Donors ........................... 317
Six1 Protein Expression Correlated with Advanced Tumor Stage ......... 317
Six1 Protein Expression Correlated with Poor Survival ......................... 318
Discussion ................................................................................................... 319
References ................................................................................................... 322
25. Hepatocellular Carcinoma:
KiSS-1 Overexpression as a Prognostic Factor .......................................... 325
Katharina Schmid, Isabella Mosberger, and Fritz Wrba
Introduction ................................................................................................. 325
Materials ..................................................................................................... 327
Methods ....................................................................................................... 327
Tissue Preparation ................................................................................... 327
Immunohistochemistry ........................................................................... 328
Evaluation of Immunohistochemical Result ........................................... 328
Results and Discussion ............................................................................... 328
Patients and Tissue Samples ................................................................... 328
References ................................................................................................... 330
26. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Prognosis
Using Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor
Immunohistochemistry ................................................................................. 333
Hideji Nakamura, Kenya Yoshida, and Yasuhiko Tomita
Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor .............................................................. 333
Developmentally Regulated Expression of Hepatoma-Derived
Growth Factor ..................................................................................... 334
Role in Hepatocarcinogenesis ................................................................. 334
Role in Cancer Progression and Angiogenesis ....................................... 335
Immunohistochemical and Analytical Methods ......................................... 336
Materials ................................................................................................. 336
Method .................................................................................................... 337
Evaluation of Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor
Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma ................................................ 337
Prognostic Signifi cance of Hepatoma-Derived
Growth Factor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma .......................................... 338
References ................................................................................................... 340
Contents xxxix
xl Contents
27. Hepatitis C Virus-Related Human
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Predictive Markers
Using Proteomic Analysis (Methodology) ................................................... 343
Yasuhiro Kuramitsu and Kazuyuki Nakamura
Hepatitis C Virus-Related Human Hepatocellular
Carcinoma (HCV–HCC) ......................................................................... 343
Proteomics ................................................................................................... 343
Proteomics for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tissues ..................................... 344
Proteomics for Sera from Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients ................... 344
Proteomics for Hepatitis C Virus-Related Hepatocellular
Carcinoma Tissues .................................................................................. 345
Preparation of HCV–HCC Tissue Samples ............................................ 345
Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2-DE) ....................................... 345
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrilamide Gel
Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) ............................................................. 345
Image Analysis of the Gels ..................................................................... 346
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ................................................................... 346
Amino Acid Sequencing by Liquid Chromatography–
Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) ......................................... 346
Proteins Whose Expression Was Increased in HCV–HCC Tissues ........ 346
Proteins With Decreased Expression ...................................................... 347
Proteomics for Auto-Antibodies in the Sera
of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients .................................................... 348
References ................................................................................................... 349
Part V Metastases
A. Diagnosis
28. Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer:
Ultrasound Imaging ...................................................................................... 355
Sren R. Rafaelsen
Introduction ................................................................................................. 355
Ultrasound Scanning Technique ................................................................. 356
Advantages of Diagnostic Hepatic Ultrasound ........................................... 357
Grayscale Echo Pattern ............................................................................... 357
Detection of Liver Metastases ..................................................................... 358
Doppler Flow Pattern .................................................................................. 359
Ultrasound in Postoperative Follow-Up ...................................................... 363
Future Potential Advancements .................................................................. 363
References ................................................................................................... 364
Contents xli
29. Preclinical Liver Metastases: Three-Dimensional
High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging ......................................................... 369
Kevin C. Graham, Lauren A. Wirtzfeld, James C. Lacefi eld,
and Ann F. Chambers
Introduction ................................................................................................. 369
Method: High-Frequency Ultrasound ......................................................... 373
Three-Dimensional Imaging and Volume Calculation................................ 374
High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging
of Preclinical Liver Metastases ............................................................... 376
Other Applications of High-Frequency Ultrasound
Imaging to Preclinical Cancer Research ................................................. 379
Future Developments – Ultrasound Contrast Agents ................................. 380
Conclusions ................................................................................................. 383
References ................................................................................................... 383
30. Colorectal Liver Metastases:
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography ......................... 387
Stphanie Truant, Damien Huglo, and Franois-Ren Pruvot
Introduction ................................................................................................. 387
Principle of FDG-PET and General Pitfalls ................................................ 388
Colorectal Liver Metastases: Yield of 18F-Fluoro-
Deoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography ...................................... 389
Preoperative Staging of Patients
with Colorectal Liver Metastases ........................................................ 389
Detection of Liver Metastases ................................................................. 389
Detection of Extrahepatic Metastases ..................................................... 391
Abdominal Cavity ................................................................................... 392
Extra-Abdominal Organs ........................................................................ 395
Impact of FDG-PET Findings on Patient’s Management ....................... 397
Additional Disease and Change of Management .................................... 398
Survival Impact ....................................................................................... 399
Postoperative Follow-Up After Resection of Colorectal Liver
Metastases and Rising Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) ................ 400
FDG-PET for Monitoring the Response to Systemic
or Regional Therapy of Colorectal Liver Metastases ......................... 401
Anticancer Systemic Therapy ................................................................. 401
New Targeted Therapies (Monoclonal Antibodies) ................................ 402
Regional Therapies ................................................................................. 403
Hepatic Arterial Chemotherapy .............................................................. 403
Other Regional Therapies ....................................................................... 404
Conclusion .................................................................................................. 404
References ................................................................................................... 404
xlii Contents
Part VI Biliary Cancer
A. Diagnosis
31. Biliary Cystic Tumors: Clinicopathological
Features .......................................................................................................... 411
Yasuni Nakanuma, Hiroko Ikeda, Yasunori Sato,
Kenichi Harada, Koichi Nakamura, and Yoh Zen
Introduction ................................................................................................. 411
Anatomical Classifi cation of the Biliary Tree ............................................. 412
Non-Neoplastic Biliary Cystic Lesions ...................................................... 412
Peribiliary Cysts ...................................................................................... 412
Hepatic Foregut Cyst .............................................................................. 414
Biliary Hamartoma .................................................................................. 415
Biliary Cystic Neoplasm ............................................................................. 416
Hepatobiliary Cystadenoma and Cystadenocarcinoma .......................... 417
Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct (IPNB) ....................... 419
Other Types of Neoplastic Cystic Diseases ............................................ 426
References ................................................................................................... 426
32. Cholangiocarcinoma: Intraductal Sonography .......................................... 429
Kazuo Inui, Hironao Miyoshi, and Junji Yoshino
Introduction ................................................................................................. 429
Methods ....................................................................................................... 429
Instruments .............................................................................................. 429
Insertion Methods ................................................................................... 430
Indications ............................................................................................... 431
Images and Clinical Utility ......................................................................... 432
Intraductal Sonography ........................................................................... 432
Three-Dimensional Intraductal Sonography ........................................... 432
Discussion ................................................................................................... 434
Conclusions ................................................................................................. 436
References ................................................................................................... 436
B. Prognosis
33. Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma: Role of the p53 Protein Family ....... 441
Alexander I. Zaika and Seung-Mo Hong
Introduction ................................................................................................. 441
Epidemiology .......................................................................................... 441
Etiology ................................................................................................... 441
Diagnosis ................................................................................................. 442
Pathology ................................................................................................ 442
Prognosis ................................................................................................. 443
Contents xliii
Role of p53 in Malignant Tumors of the Bile Duct .................................... 443
Analysis of p53 Mutations ...................................................................... 444
Roles of p73 and p63 in Malignant Tumors of the Bile Duct ..................... 444
Analyses of p63 and p73 in Tumors ....................................................... 447
References ................................................................................................... 448
34. Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma:
Mucin 4, a Poor Prognostic Factor .............................................................. 451
Michiyo Higashi, Shugo Tamada, Kohji Nagata,
Masamichi Goto, and Suguru Yonezawa
Introduction ................................................................................................. 451
Mucin Characteristics ................................................................................. 451
MUC4 Mucin .............................................................................................. 452
Antibodies Against MUC4 ......................................................................... 453
MUC1 Mucin .............................................................................................. 453
Antibodies Against MUC1 ......................................................................... 455
Methods ....................................................................................................... 455
Tissue Sample Management ................................................................... 455
Immunohistochemistry ............................................................................... 458
References ................................................................................................... 458
C. Treatment
35. Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Photodynamic
Therapy and Stenting ................................................................................... 463
Marcus Wiedmann, Joachim Mssner, and Helmut Witzigmann
Summary ..................................................................................................... 463
Introduction ................................................................................................. 463
Preoperative Biliary Drainage ..................................................................... 464
Palliative Bile Duct Stenting ....................................................................... 464
Palliative Stenting of Malignant Duodenal Obstruction ............................. 469
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) .................................................................... 470
Mechanism of Action .............................................................................. 470
Contraindications for Photodynamic Therapy ........................................ 471
Photosensitizers ....................................................................................... 472
Photodynamic Therapy for Palliation
of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma .............................................................. 472
Photodynamic Therapy for Neoadjuvant
and Adjuvant Treatment of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma ...................... 478
Future Directions of Photodynamic Therapy
for Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma ............................................................ 478
References ................................................................................................... 479
xliv Contents
Part VII Splenic Cancer
A. Diagnosis
36. Splenic Metastases: Diagnostic Methods .................................................... 489
Eva Comprat and Frdric Charlotte
Introduction ................................................................................................. 489
Epidemiology .............................................................................................. 489
Pathologic Features ..................................................................................... 489
Pathogenesis ................................................................................................ 490
Clinical Features ......................................................................................... 491
Diagnostic Procedures ................................................................................ 493
Differential Diagnosis ................................................................................. 494
References ................................................................................................... 496
Index ........................................................................................................................ 499
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